International Trade Payment & Finance Practice of Bangladesh

International trade is the backbone of our modern, commercial world. Producers in various nations try to profit from an expanded market, rather than be limited to selling within their own borders. There are many reasons that trade across national borders occurs, including lower production costs in one region versus another, specialized industries, lack or surplus of natural resources and consumer tastes. This trend is attributable to the increased globalization of the world economies and the availability of trade payment and finance from the international banking community.Although banks also finance domestic trade, their role in financing international trade is more critical due to the additional complications involved. First, the exporter might question the importer’s ability to make payment. Second, even if the importer is creditworthy, the government might impose exchange controls that prevent payment to the exporter. Third, the importer might not trust the exporter to shi p the goods ordered. Fourth, even if the exporter does ship the goods, trade barriers or time lags in international transportation might delay arrival time. There are a number of methods of trade payment.Before importers and exporters decide to do business with each other they need to understand and adopt a method suitable to meet their specific needs. The contract between buyer and seller will specify the way in which payment is to be made. Certain methods of payment are less risky than others. It is up to the buyer and seller to agree on a method that suits them both. The choice of payment method is affected by several factors like requirements of the seller and buyer, relationships between the trading partners, the operating environment and associated risks, object of transaction and market conditions etc. Once acceptable risks have been determined then the most appropriate payment method can be selected.Exporters use different methods of financing international trade, depending upon the resources they have available and the transactional risk they are able to absorb. The ability to access international markets is an important strategic opportunity for manufacturers and sellers because it expands a company's customer base exponentially. International trading is much more complicated than making domestic sales, and comes with internal and external stress factors that often determine whether a company can effectively operate in the global arena.The assignment has two objectives1) To discuss conceptual issues of international trade payment and finance 2) To discuss international trade payment and finance practice of BangladeshConceptual Issues of International Trade Payment and Financing Methods To succeed in today’s global marketplace and win sales against foreign competitors, exporters must offer their customers attractive sales terms supported by the appropriate payment methods. Because getting paid in full and on time is the ultimate goal for each e xport sale, an appropriate payment method must be chosen carefully to minimize the payment risk while also accommodating the needs of the buyer.Financing methods use a variety of trade finance products that are available to exporters to increase cash flow and reduce the risk associated with shipping products overseas. Importers and exporters usually need to resort to trade payment and financing mechanisms, coursed through third parties such as banks or specialized financial institutions that help guarantee both the payment to exporters and the delivery of products to importers.There are four common methods of payment available to firms engaged in International trade: Cash in Advance, Open Account / Supplier credit, Documentary Collection, and Documentary Credit / Letters of Credit LC. Cash in advance means payment in advance, or advance payment, refers to a situation in which the seller requests payment from the buyer before he will ship the goods. The seller only ships out the good s to the buyer after receiving the payment. With cash in advance payment terms, an exporter can avoid credit risk because payment is received before the ownership of the goods is transferred.Payment is usually made in the form of an international wire transfer to the exporter’s bank account or foreign bank draft. As technology progresses, electronic commerce will allow firms engaged in international trade to make electronic credits and debits through an intermediary bank. In cash in advance process, at first, there will be a purchase sale agreement between exporter and importer. In payment procedure there will be three steps, first, importer makes payment to the exporter. Second, exporter will make the shipment of goods and third, exporter will send the documents to the importer.1. Purchase Sale Agreement 2. Payment 3. Shipment of Goods 4. DocumentsFigure 1: Process of Cash-in-Advance There are some features of this method: interest of exporter is fully protected and interest of importer is not protected. Banks are involved in the process of transferring payment. Documents and shipments are directly handled by the exporters. There is no universally accepted regulation to guide cash-in-advance. It is guided by the purchase or sale agreement. It is one of the cheapest forms of trade payment method but it is the least popular form of trade payment method in the world. It is used in the world less than 1%.Cash-in-Advance should be used only under the following conditions: The importer is a new customer and/or has a less-established operating history. The importer’s creditworthiness is doubtful, unsatisfactory, or unverifiable. The political and commercial risks of the importer’s home country are very high. The exporter’s product is unique, not available elsewhere, or in heavy demand. The exporter operates an Internet-based business where the acceptance of credit card payments is a must to remain competitive.Open account is the reverse o f cash-in-advance, in which the goods, along with all the necessary documents, are shipped directly to the importer who has agreed to pay the exporter’s invoice at a specified date, which is usually in 30, 60 or 90 days. The exporter should be absolutely confident that the importer will accept shipment and pay at the agreed time and that the importing country is commercially and politically secure.1. Purchase Sale Agreement 2. Shipment of goods 3. Documents 4. PaymentFigure 2: Process of Open AccountIn open account method, interest of importer is fully protected and interest of exporter is not protected. Banks are involved in the process of transferring payment. Documents and shipments are directly handled by the exporters. There is no universally accepted regulation to guide open account. It is guided by the purchase or sale agreement. It is also the cheapest forms of trade payment methods. It is the most popular form of trade payment method in the world. It is used in the w orld more than 85%. Open account terms may help win customers in competitive markets and may be used with one or more of the appropriate trade finance techniques that mitigate the risk of non-payment. It helps to establish and maintain a successful trade relationship.Involvement of bank is insignificant and thus it’s not costly for the traders. Documentary collection (D/C) is the process of collection of payment by a bank on behalf of exporter from importer against documents. The importer is not obligated to pay for goods before shipment. It offers some protection to the seller. It is more secure than shipping on an open account basis but less secure than using a letter of credit or an advance payment. In documentary collection process, the very initial step is contract between exporter and importer where it is decided that payment will be collected against documents.Next step is shipment of the goods and preparation or collection of the documents by the exporter. After colle ction and preparation of documents exporter is supposed to submit documents along with a set of collection instruction at the counter of Remitting Bank. Remitting Bank is the bank at the counter of which documents are submitted by exporter to collect payment from importer on its behalf. Remitting Bank generally collects payment and forward documents using the service of collecting and/or presenting bank.Presenting bank is the bank that presents documents to the importer. And collecting bank is the bank that is involved in the process of documentary collection. Then as per the collection instruction importer receives documents either DP (Documents against payment) or DA (Documents against acceptance). Then the importer will release the goods against documents and exporter will receive payment either immediately or as per the accepted terms through banking channels.Figure 3: Process of Documentary CollectionIn this method, interest of importer is protected and interest of exporter is better protected than Open account. It is guided by the purchase-sale agreement and URC 522 (Uniform Rules for Collections). URC is published by International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) under the document number 522 (URC 522). All the banks involved in the documentary collection are the agent of exporters. Documentary Collection process could be risky for the exporter, if documents are not received by the importer. The exporter’s bank (remitting bank) and the importer’s bank (collecting bank) play an essential role in Documentary Collection process. Although the banks control the flow of documents, they neither verify the documents nor take any risks.It is considered to be one of the cost effective methods of evidencing a transaction for buyers, where documents are manipulated via the banking system. With documentary collection transactions, the exporter has little recourse against the importer in case of non-payment. Thus, documentary collection should be used only und er the following conditions: The exporter and importer have a well-established relationship. The exporter is confident that the importing country is politically and economically stable. An open account sale is considered too risky, and an LC is unacceptable to the importer.Documentary Credit or Letters of Credit (L/C) is the commitment, guaranty or undertaking by a bank on behalf of importer to the exporter about the payment of certain amount subject to the fulfillment of certain documentary condition. This method is a compromise between buyer and seller because it affords certain advantages to both parties. The exporter is assured of receiving payment from the issuing bank as long as it presents documents in accordance with the L/C. An important feature of an L/C is that the issuing bank is obligated to honor drawings under the L/C regardless of the buyer’s ability or willingness to pay. On the other hand, the importer  does not have to pay for the goods until shipment has been made and the documents are presented in good order.Documentary credit are recommended for new or less established trade relationships because the buyer’s bank is there to guarantee for both exporters (that payment will be made) and importers (that the terms of the contract are met). First step of Documentary Credit process is contract between buyer and seller where it is decided that payment will be made through L/C. Then the importer approaches to a bank (Issuing Bank) to issue L/C. Issuing bank is a bank that issues letters of credit (L/C).If the bank agrees on financing terms then L/C is issued by the issuing bank and sends to the exporter (Beneficiary). While sending L/C, issuing bank generally uses the services of a bank known as Advising Bank. Advising Bank is the bank using the service of which issuing bank advices credit to the exporter on behalf of importer. Advising Bank is selected by the Issuing Bank.After receiving L/C exporter makes shipment and prepare do cuments to submit to the issuing bank or its agent (Nominated Bank). Nominated Bank is the bank nominated by the issuing bank at the counter of which documents may be submitted by the exporter in addition to the counter of issuing bank. Nominated bank is selected by the preference of exporter. After the submission of documents to the Nominated Bank or Issuing Bank, documents are examined to a certain ‘Complying Presentation’. Complying Presentation means the documents submitted are in order. Documents are complying if these are in accordance with L/C terms and conditions, UCP 600 and ISBP 681.The concept of Complying Presentation is particularly important for the examination of documents by the bank and also for the exporter for preparation of the documents. If the documents are in order, there could be negotiation or honor. Negotiation is performed by the Nominated Bank through purchasing or discounting of documents without the consent of Issuing Bank which is a financ ing technique. When Nominated Bank negotiate documents it is known as Negotiating Bank. Honor means payment. If payment is occurred by issuing bank then it will be honor. Honor could be at sight, deferred basis, or acceptance basis.Following negotiation or honor documents are forwarded to the Issuing Bank for reimbursement. Issuing Bank is supposed to examine documents and makes arrangement for making payment. Issuing Bank makes reimbursement to the Nominated Bank by using the service of Reimbursing Bank. Then finally, documents are handled to the importer and  then, goods are released by the importer. After that importer make payment to the issuing bank for settlement.From above discussion we can find some responsibilities of issuing bank: Issuance of L/C and making arrangement for advising. Amendment of L/C if required. Examination of documents and honoring document. Making reimbursement to the nominated bank.In international trade transaction there are various types of Letters of credit (L/C) is used. Broadly there are two types of Letters of credit.i. Revocable Letters of credit ii. Irrevocable Letters of credit.If any Letter of Credit can be amendment or changed of any clause or canceled by consent of the exporter and importer, it is known as Revocable Letter of Credit. In case of seller (beneficiary), revocable credit involves risk, as the credit may be amended or cancelled while the goods are in transit and before the documents are presented, or although presented before payments has been made. The seller would then face the problem of obtaining payment on the other hand revocable credit gives the buyer maximum flexibility, as it can be amended or cancelled without prior notice to the seller up to the moment of payment buy the issuing bank at which the issuing bank has made the credit available. In the modern banking the use of revocable credit is not widespread.If any Letter of Credit cannot be amendment or changed of  any clause without the consen t of all concern parties – importer (applicant), exporter (beneficiary), Issuing Bank, and Confirming Bank (in case of confirmed L/C), is known as Irrevocable Letter of Credit. An Irrevocable Letter of Credit constitutes a firm undertaking by the issuing bank to make payment. It, therefore, gives the beneficiary a high degree of assurance that he/she will pay to his/her goods or services provided he/she complies with terms of the credit. There are also some special types of L/C such as: Transferable L/C, Back to back L/C, Revolving L/C, Confirm L/C, Red clause L/C, and Standby L/C.The main modes of international trade are export and import. Both of them required financing in order to complete the export and import process properly. Trade financing is financing either to the exporters or to the importers. Exporters use different methods of financing international trade, depending upon the resources they have available and the transactional risk they are able to absorb. Broadly financing is two types: Export financing and Import financing. Export financing means financing facilities to the exporter and financing facilities to the importer is called import financing. Exporters need financing facilities at two stages: i. Pre shipment stageii. Post shipment stage Pre-shipment finance for exporters is the finance required to bring an export transaction to the point of shipment – either to manufacture, process, or purchase merchandise and commodities for shipment overseas. Pre Shipment Finance is issued by a financial institution when the sellers want the payment of the goods before shipment. The main objectives behind Pre-shipment finance or Pre-export finance is to enable exporter to: Procure raw materials.Carry out manufacturing process. Provide a secure warehouse for goods and raw materials. Process and pack the goods. Ship the goods to the buyers. Meet other financial cost of the business. Pre-shipment financing is especially important to smaller e nterprises because the international sales cycle is usually longer than the domestic sales  cycle. Pre-shipment financing can take in the form of short term loans, overdrafts and cash credits. Packing credit, back to back L/C, red clause L/C etc. are the example of pre shipment export financing. Packing Credit is a pre shipment credit offer to the exporters to meet expenses related to the preparation of goods and transportation. It is especially needed when inputs for production must be imported. It also provides additional working capital for the exporter.Post Shipment Finance is a kind of loan provided by a financial institution to an exporter or seller against a shipment that has already been made. This type of export finance is granted from the date of extending the credit after shipment of the goods to the realization date of the exporter proceeds. Exporters don’t wait for the importer to deposit the funds. Negotiation or purchasing is the example of post shipment expo rt financing. As like as export financing, import financing also two types: i. Pre import financingii. Post import financing. Pre import financing means financing before buying goods from exporter. L/C is the example of pre import financing which is not covered by the margin. Post Import Financing means financing after shipment of goods arrived. Once shipment of goods arrived, importer may lack the necessary liquidity to pay their issuing bank immediately. The bank can provide them the post import financing facilities. PAD (Payment Against Document), LIM (Loan against Imported Merchandise), LTR (Loan against Trust Receipt), all are the example of post import financing. PAD is created by the issuing bank at the time of making payment to the exporter on behalf of importer. If PAD is not cleared in due time then bank canceled it and convert PAD to LIM.International Trade Payment and Finance Practice of Bangladesh In the context of Bangladesh, Documentary Credit is the most popular and widely used for making import payments from Bangladesh. In 2012, 85% of import payments from the country are made through letter of credit. The other two methods- open account and documentary collection are used 3% and 10% for international trade payment respectively.Because of domestic regulation (Import policy order 2009-2012) on import of Bangladesh cash in advance is less used in Bangladesh. It is used 2% in our country for make payment against  international trade. In case of export, 30% of payments were received through Documentary Collection, and 65% of payments were received through Documentary Credit. Cash in advanced is used to make domestic trade payment in Bangladesh. As like other countries cash in advance is the least popular method of trade payment in Bangladesh in international trade payment. It is used 2% in our country for make payment against international trade. Open account is the most popular method of trade payment around the world. It is used more than 85% in international transaction. But in case of Bangladesh it is used only 3% of total received payment of export. Bangladesh Trade 2012Import Export Cash In Advance 2% Cash In Advance 2% Open Account 3% Open Account 3% Documentary Collection 10%Documentary Collection 30% Documentary Credit 85% Documentary Credit 65%Source: BIBM Report 2012 So it can be said that most of the export and import transactions of Bangladesh are dominantly settled by documentary credit. The result is that the businesses are paying high for their transaction settlement. As documentary credit has involvements of different parties namely the nominating bank, the reimbursing bank, the confirming bank etc. Some of them are involved only to ensure the creditworthiness of the issuing bank against a certain percentage of commission. Another reason could be that the sovereign rating is lower than that in some countries in LDC group.Although there is specific guidelines published by the International Chamber of Commer ce (Such as UCP-600, ISP98), documentary credit is an inefficient process in terms of time. As a result the businesses of our country are losing their advantage over those of some countries under the class of  developing countries. As any L/C opened in our country has to comply with domestic regulations, guidelines on foreign exchange transactions along with Foreign Exchange (FE) circulars issued by Bangladesh Bank and the Import Policy Order and the Export Policy Order of the country are followed, these issues effect scrutinizing of import documents.However, it is to be remembered that whenever an L/C is established only the ‘L/C terms’ are ‘terms’ and only they are to be considered for examining a set of import documents. As per article 14 of the UCP 600 any bank shall have a maximum of five banking days following the day of receiving of the document to determine if a presentation is complying. In some banks there is a practice of sending the discrepanc y notices within 2-3 days after receiving the documents. Banks consider the act as a protective measure on their part. Charging of discrepancy fee appears to be another reason of such practice.Banks have been observed to approach to the importers to get their opinion before rejecting the documents. In regard to discrepancies, late shipment, late presentation, expiry of the L/C are very common. Other than some exception, whatever we import, we have to follow L/C for making payment. But the margin of L/C is very high for importer in Bangladesh. Margin means the amount of money paid by importer against opening a L/C. More over the repayment of L/C financing is also satisfactory. L/C is a payment technique but it also has financing component. Banks in Bangladesh also provide finance to importer through L/C to facilitate international business.In the financial year July 2010 – June 2011 the total amount of L/C opened in Bangladesh was Taka 38,582.35. Total import payments of Bangl adesh in the financial year July 2010 – June 2011 were Tk. 240,027.90. Total export receipts of Bangladesh (including exports of EPZ) during the financial years, 2010-2011 and 2009-2010 amounted to Tk. 145,007.60 and Tk. 102,148.2 respectively. Total import payments of Bangladesh (including EPZ) during the quarter July 2010-June 2011 stood at Tk. 240,027.9 (or US$ 8,788.5 million).Concluding Remarks One of the most important challenges for traders involved in a transaction is to secure financing so that the transaction may actually take place. So Bangladesh Bank imposed regulation to import through LC but most of the export payment is done by documentary collection.The faster and easier the  process of financing an international transaction, the more trade will be facilitated. Traders require working capital (i.e., short-term financing) to support their trading activities. Exporters will usually require financing to process or manufacture products for the export market befo re receiving payment. In Bangladesh the trade finance is depend upon bankers and importers relationship. Therefore, Bangladesh governments should provide assistance and support in terms of export financing and development of an efficient financial infrastructure.

Internationalisation and the European Nation State Essay

Question 1 It is undeniable that the state of world affairs has dramatically evolved since the end of the Second World War. More specifically, the surge of development in IT has been the chief reason that our world has become less a mosaic of nation-states and more a melting pot of societies, cultures, and associations whereby nation-states are inevitably bound to trans-national phenomena. As Cox notes, â€Å"globalization [generates] a more complex multi-level world political system, which implicitly challenges the old Westphalian assumption that ‘a state is a state is a state'† (Cox, in Pierson, p.181). This work shall support this notion of globalization by highlighting two problems from Pierson, namely decreased anarchy in the global political arena, and the influence of the global economy on nation-states. These issues will be defined and then discussed in relation to Lindensjà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s conceptions of Realist democracy and Communitarian democracy respectively. Decreased anarchy refers to the marginalization of the autonomy of nation-states in the international order. The growing interdependence between nations across the globe has resulted in a redirection of respective national interests towards the sphere of global rather than domestic (Pierson 174). What this means for realist democracy is a skewed orientation of political candidates; they become no longer dedicated to domestic issues but those of an international nature instead. The problem with this lies in the fact that the success of the Realist democratic concept (in Lindensjà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s view) is dependent upon the competition of political leaders to win approval (via votes) from the citizens. There is a problem if politicians win a seat in office with a platform claiming to be ‘for the people,’ and then redirect their interests after election to the international sphere. The welfare of the citizens is left on the sidelines in place of external issues, and the fruits of Realist democracy are not enjoyed by the people who voted for it, thus the legitimacy of the democratic process diminishes. This is especially a danger in realist democracy since representation by political actors replaces active participation by the citizens; â€Å"[Realist democracy] thus does not entail, cannot entail, governance by the people in a real sense. It can only entail the people having the possibility to accept or reject pretenders, i.e. elect those that govern† (Lindensjà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3). These elected representatives, are in turn subjected to a political framework where, â€Å"†¦international institutions, conventions and regimes moderate the extent to which inter-state relations can be conceived as genuinely and ‘actively’ anarchic† (Pierson 175). Thus, the validity of Realist democracy is compromised seeing as though anarchy is its cornerstone. Similarly, Communitarian democracy is also restricted by the over-arching nature of the international order. Lindensjà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s conception of Communitarian democracy requires nations to be able to pursue interests in a collective manner, with its citizens as an intrinsic part of the democracy (Lindensjà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 11). There is a great emphasis placed on compromise – a sort of give and take to realize the maximum of individual ideals in a collective manner. This sort of idyllic outlook on forming a democratic community would be difficult to practice even in the small, cohesive communities of Ancient Greece. The decreased anarchy of the international order today magnifies the difficulty of assimilating different people, groups, and ideas under a collective banner. To imagine what Lindensjà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ refers to as a ‘homelike community’ seems like a far stretch seeing that an increasingly interdependent world melds such a sheer mass of different people, outlooks, and traditions. The scale of interdependency in today’s world most certainly underpins the ‘homelike’ values necessary for effective Communitarian democracy especially where individuals’ interests are drawn outside the domestic sphere. Perhaps the most influential factor working against the Westphalian concept of global politics is the nature of modern global markets. Today, domestic economies cannot escape the forces of the international economy (Pierson 171). As Cox notes, â€Å"†¦economic globalization has placed constraints upon the autonomy of states and, increasingly, states must become the instruments for adjusting national economic activities to the exigencies of the global economy† (Cox, in Pierson 179). This excerpt makes a direct reference to a lessening of state autonomy due to global economies. For this reason, it is clear that Realist democracy is challenged by the world’s economy and market forces that compromise autonomy. The economic implications of globalization mirror those associated with decreased anarchy; for example, if economic reforms are made to comply with the international system, this results in states focusing on international economic policies over domestic ones. The working class will most certainly lose out to those who hold political positions – the elites, who will mold economic reforms around the international order and, more often than not, their own interests. For Communitarian democracies, global economics impedes the possibility of creating cohesive and collective communities. With economic concerns subjected to the influences of global markets, Communitarian democracies cannot set there own economic agenda. Moreover, the Communitarian ideal of setting a collective goal as to what the ‘good life’ should be is nearly impossible since the international economic order infiltrates domestic affairs. As Pierson notes, â€Å"In practice, state organizations have multiple points of interaction with both domestic and trans-national actors and these interactions are very far from disclosing a single and unified will† (Pierson 185). By imposing an influence on states, global market forces combat the Communitarian ideal of forming a collective vision of the ‘good life.’ Chapter 8 of Holden, entitled The United Nations as an agency of global democracy (Falk) and Chapter 10, Global civil society and the democratic prospect (Archibugi, Balduini, Donati) both focus on the idea of strengthening and broadening the influence of civil society to combat (what Falk refers to as) globalization-from-above. The Archibugi, Balduini, and Donati text focuses on the Agenda proposed by Boutros Boutros-Ghali, which in turn places a large focus on the democratization of the international community as the key to better international relations. The Realist conception of democracy would embrace this sort of change. With a system that provides â€Å"a relevant representation of society† and de-monopolizes intergovernmental relations as the sole means of international relations, the citizenry of the world will realize a new possibility to voice concerns on an international level (Archibugi et al, in Holden 137). For people in Realist democracies this means that political involvement that was once only a mere ‘handing-over of power’ to a representative is now a legitimate voice to be heard beyond the confines of the state. An important feature of Ghali’s vision was the creation of UN Regional Organizations that would cater to civil society and make civil interests a higher priority. Falk’s concept of stronger social activism (globalization-from-below) to combat global market forces (globalization-from-above) would assist the Communitarian goal of correcting the growing imbalance between private and public goods (Falk, in Holden 163,173). Communitarians would support the equalizing aspects of this arrangement since it would contribute better to the philosophy of allowing a community to form its objectives without external influences. For Falk, the reformation of states to find a better balance, â€Å"†¦between the logic of capital and priorities of its peoples† is paramount in the effort to promote more effective democracy. In both the Communitarian and Realist views, a reform of the international political order in this manner would be a step in the right direction. BIBLIOGRAPHY Goldmann, Kjell, 2001. Transforming the European Nation-State. London: Sage Publications. Holden, Barry (ed.), 2000. Global Democracy. London: Routledge. Pierson, Christopher, 1996. The Modern State. London: Routledge. Stevenson, Nick, 1999. The Transformation of the Media: Globalization, Morality, and Ethics. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Swedish Government, 2002. The Swedish Government’s EU Policy Goals for 2002.

Anxiety Management and the Elite Athlete Essay

Exercise/Sport Science Introduction            IntroductionThe ability in managing anxiety and pressure is an integrated section in sport science, most importantly within the elite athletes. Over the ages sport science researchers have been on the move to bring out a clear line between performance and anxiety in the field of athletics. This article is concerned with relevance in the perceptive of cognitive perspective. Researchers in sport science have not been able to give a clear illustration between these terms: anxiety, stress, activation and arousal the terms have over the ages been used interchangeably. This has made the researchers to encounter some challenges in trying to explain the relationship between performance and anxiety. To get a good glimpse on this article is worth to first understand the profound definitions of the commonly used terms. Stress from a psychological point of view can be defined as the state that arises from the demands placed on the athletes requiring them to engage on coping be haviors (Chia & Chiang, 2010).            Arousal is that state that an individual enters in a stressful state which is characterized by some specific psychological symptoms. From the above definitions we can understand what anxiety is. Anxiety is considered to be more situational, it is associated with the art of deliberate arousal of autonomic nervous system, hence trait anxiety, is regarded as the view of the world that an individual use in dealing with the situation in their present environment. Performance has been realized to be influenced by trait anxiety that is individuals who are deemed to be associated with great trait anxiety tend to attend more to information similar to threats unlike their counterpart with low anxiety trait (Chia & Chiang, 2010). Effect of Arousal and Anxiety on performance            Sport scientists have been devoted to explain vividly the effects of arousal and anxiety in the elite athletic performance sport wise. For the case of armature arousal is very competitive especially in the athletes in the individual sports as compared to team sport athletes. Participants in individual the non-contact sports have been identified to report low levels of state anxiety unlike individual participants in the contact sports (Chia & Chiang, 2010).            Arousal and anxiety are found to highly to affect the individual athlete’s self-confidence levels regardless of their long earned experience and skills. Individual with high self-confidence responds to arousal and anxiety in different ways unlike their counter parts, they always view anxiety as a facilitator in their sporting endeavors. From this point of view, their field participation will actually have to be credible hence they will achieve improved and great performance. The strongest feature that the elite athletes possess is that of high self- confidence levels. Having this quality enhances the athletes to have a most crucial protective factor from the actions of cognitive anxiety (Petrie, 1998).            The athletes, who have realized their optimal limit of arousal for maximized performance, need to employ appropriate relaxation or energizing measures with the aim of increasing or decreasing arousal levels. The coaches need to insight some psyched motivation to their athletes to perform best. The level of motivation should be dependent on individual levels. High arousal can be detrimental for some athlete some may respond positively as the others respond negatively (Petrie, 1998). In conclusion, when the coaches or the respective captains give encouraging speech to their team mates, it is associated with some elements of arousal. Highly aroused athletes are bound to perform better than it is their usual performance levels hence the respective coaches should do an after event evaluation to see clearly that the athlete did improve in performance genuinely. References Chia, M., & Chiang, J. (2010). Sport, science, and studies in Asia issues, reflections, and emergent solutions. Singapore: World Scientific. Petrie, T. A. (1998). Anxiety Management and the Elite Athlete. The Psychotherapy Patient, 10(3-4), 161-173. Source document

Ethical Issues Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Issues Paper - Assignment Example For instance, a Christian therapist attending to an Islamic family may unknowingly breach norms and cultural beliefs of the clients. This may relate to the fact that Christians have fewer restrictions to human conduct while Islam advocates strict adherence to many restrictions. Another ethical issue that family therapists may face while working with families may involve accepting gifts from the family. Gift in this context is a pay or treasure given to a therapist besides or on top of the agreed treatment fees. Even though therapists understand illegality of accepting gifts, some families may insist on offering that may present as shows of appreciations for great work and assistance of a therapist in overcoming a problem. Breaking confidentiality about patients’ information and details of discussion with family members is another potential ethical issue that family therapists may face. Legally, family therapists have to share with family details of issues that led to seeking therapeutic services as disclosed by the member who first contacted the individual counselor (Nichols, 2013). However, there are no clear limits as the extents that a family therapist should go, or clear description of situations that a counselor should consider disclosing initial briefings. Counselors intending to refer clients may also face challenges as to the nature of information to withhold from a potential referral destination. American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) is an institution that provides family therapy services. As an institution, AAMFT has range of code of ethics that subscribing and subscribed members have to follow to ensure effective service delivery and maintenance of reputation of the institution. The codes of ethics of AAMFT are sufficiently categorical as they touch on every aspect of practice that compromise or improve service delivery during family therapy. The codes reiterate the need for confidentiality and provide

Procedures or Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Procedures or Methods - Essay Example All in all, eating disorders are a serious problem facing many high school students, and they need to be mitigated. This paper will outline the research methods that can be used to carry out research causes of eating disorders for high school students, and how these disorders can be mitigated. The research design of this topic included four approaches. They were: which questions to study, which information is applicable, what data to gather, and how to evaluate the findings. The best research plan depends on the research question plus the orientation of the researchers (Discovery Education, 2009). Every design, however, has its negative and positive sides. In this particular study, the researcher can first identify the questions that need to be answered through research. The next step would entail finding out which information is applicable and useful. The research can then discern the data to gather, after which he or she can come up with ways of evaluating the validity of the findings. Students’ chances for developing bulimia or anorexia were assessed through the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). This test was developed by Garner and colleagues in 1982 (Hodges, 2009). The test is a 26-item questionnaire split into three subscales, dieting, oral control, as well as bulimia, which is commonly used to monitor peoples eating behaviors and attitudes that are associated with nutrition disorders. Higher scores reveal more disordered behaviors and attitudes than lower scores. Scores of 15 to 26 show a medium level of threat for developing a nutrition disorder. Scores of 27 and beyond, on the other hand, signify a high level of risk for developing a nutrition disorder. The Eating Attitudes Test-26 has been authorized in various age groups and cultures, and would therefore be the best research instrument in finding out the causes of eating disorders and how they can be mitigated (Hodges, 2009). For

Gay Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Gay Marriage - Essay Example Same sex couples consider marriage to be their right owing to the fact that every being deserves liberty. It has also been identified that a person is born with the characteristics of a homosexual. Same sex couples wish to lead normal lives without any societal bias and discrimination. On the other hand, same sex marriages are opposed by religious and moral groups who consider it to be unnatural. It is also argued that it is not a normal way of leading life and they present that same sex marriages should not be permitted. The opponents of gay marriages have important points to make. They argue that same sex marriages should not be promoted and the reasons that they explain are the researches which uphold the fact that gay marriages have very high failure rates and similar drawbacks. A normal heterosexual marriage lasts for a period of approximately 20 years on an average. On the other hand, same sex marriages have a very low comparative average with the lasting period being only one and a half years. It is argued that this low success rate has nothing to do with the discrimination that gays face in the society and this fact is upheld by a research conducted in Netherlands. In this country, same sex marriages have been legalized and the research concludes that despite of this, the same sex marriages only last for one half years there on an average.

Competition in the Movie Rental Industry Research Paper

Competition in the Movie Rental Industry - Research Paper Example Suppliers adopt strategies such as patents in order to acquire supremacy within the industry. Companies provide attractive movie prices and services in order to control the buying power of their customers. Buyers have several companies to choose from, and these companies must strive to keep their customers. Competition is high in the movie rental industry due to easy entry by new companies. There are several companies with similar products at reduced prices, which increase competition. Some of the new entrants provide substitute products such as cable services. Customers subscribe to cable providers, and they gain access to several movies at a reduced monthly price. Competitive rivalry between companies creates the need for new strategies and businesses enjoy a competitive advantage only for a short time. One of the five forces of competition is supplier power. Companies in the rental business acquire their content from studios and movie distributors. The movie industry has several s tudios such as Walt Disney, Pixar, and Warner Bros and other distributors from which rental companies can choose from. The number of suppliers and the uniqueness of their products determine the supply prices. Blockbuster purchased Movielink which is a leading movie downlink service and reduced the need for DVD’s and plastic cases (Blockbuster Corporate, 2009). Suppliers and distributors who deal with DVD movies will experience reduced purchase power. Blockbuster customers can purchase and download movies from Movielink which reduces the need for DVDs. Netflix acquires its content by buying DVDs from studios and distributors, paying on a fee-per-DVD basis (Thompson, Strickland, & Gamble, 2009). Some suppliers offer unique products, which reduces the chances of substitution. Movie studios and distributors generate revenue by selling movies to rental companies and a large number of viewers. This creates a symbiotic relationship between suppliers and rental companies, which contr ols supply prices. Buyer power in the movie rental business is usually high due to the wide range of movies present in the market. There is no legal substitute for movies in the market, which makes rental companies dictate the market prices. The industry has few operators who have similar product prices and deal in almost similar products. This enables the companies maintain high prices affordable by several buyers since they do not buy large volumes of movies. Netflix has over 8.4 million subscribers who prefer online browsing and mailbox delivery of movies. There is no cost of cancelling subscriptions and switching to other companies; therefore, there is little migration of customers. Blockbuster utilizes total access sealed envelopes that can be traded for movies at no extra cost. Buyers can utilize these envelopes to purchase movies of their choice from the local stores without incurring any shipping charges. Movie rental companies offer downloadable movies to increase the buyin g power of their customers. Competitors may offer different prices to attract more buyers. Redbox offers its customers reduced prices in order to have a competitive advantage over Netflix and Blockbuster. The high demand for entertainment across the world provides rental companies with large numbers of customers. The presence of substitute products in the market creates competition between different businesses in the industry. Customers have a wide range of entertainment products to choose

Hair. William Faulkner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hair. William Faulkner - Essay Example His detachment from the events narrated allows him to be a compassionate and sensitive commentator, whose views we feel we can trust, even though Faulkner misleads us at the end. He seems to understand Hawkshaw's attachment to the girl, and even treats her premature sexual adventures with sympathy rather than disgust: "nature don't pay any attention to systems, let alone women paying any attention to them I say she couldn't help herself. It wasn't her fault" (133-4). The story is in three parts, the second explaining the first by retreating in time, and the third bringing about the dnouement. Hawkshaw is presented as an isolated figure in a community, which the critic Joseph Reed identifies as being a key motif in Faulkner stories. "Faulkner without a group is without a point of reference essential for his most effective narrative" (Reed, 20). The group varies from story to story; it can be a family, or a particular social grouping, or, as in Hair, a whole town. Hawkshaw is quietly kind to the girl, and is so self-effacing that when he insists that "I'll tend to her", Maxey tells the narrator "that was the first time he ever heard him speak positive about anything" (132). The girls' growth is captured with fine economy. She walks "fast like little girls do", then makes friends at school and passes "not looking toward the window at all" (132), so that Hawkshaw's devotion to her is already under threat. Soon "she got grown fast" (133) and she is h itching up "the regular simple gingham and such dresses that a thirteen-year-old child ought to wear" (134). Hawkshaw has given her presents, including the doll which he "never told" anyone about (133), but it seems to be clear to everyone that his interest in her is not unhealthy. It is appreciated that there is a genuine love in his attitude, which is respected by the others. When the men talk of how she has gone to the bad, "it was while Hawkshaw was not there" (134), and when Maxey does voice his crude suspicions - "Any old man that will fool with a young girl, he's pretty bad" - Matt's comment is a reprimand: the reason is a moral one, "he thinks she is too young to receive jewelry from anybody that aint kin to her" (136). Part II fills in Hawkshaw's past, and lets us a little way into his true thinking, showing that his interest in the girl must be serious, heartfelt and deeply human. He had married the Starnes daughter, showing a real devotion to her and her welfare, learning barbering and going off to work in Birmingham, "Rode part of the way in wagons and walked the rest, coming back each summer to see the girl" (138). He spent all his savings on her father's funeral, and then started saving again for the marriage. He acted out of mature devotion. The narrator cannot convey Hawkshaw's grief when she dies. We only have the immensely touching detail of the picture and the lock of hair, which "both got lost, the hair and the picture, in the mail somehow" (139). He devotes himself then to serving her memory in the only way he can, by paying off the mortgage on the parents' house and returning every April, as on a pilgrimage, to clean it The April "vacation" is utterly essential to him, like a religious observance. At previous employers' he had given up his job

What is the Quran about according to Fazlur Rahmans book Major Themes Essay

What is the Quran about according to Fazlur Rahmans book Major Themes of the Quran - Essay Example This paper presents the major Qur’anic themes as Rahman presents theme as they are organized in chapter order. Rahman synthesizes the major themes logically rather than chronologically and the Quran has been allowed to speak for itself and interpretation has been used only as necessary for joining together ideas. In this classical work, Rahman unveils the Qur’an’s focuses on issues of God, society, revelation, and prophesy in such admirably logical manner (Rahman 6). In other words, Qur’an, which is referred to as the last, revealed Word of God the Book talks about God, His relationship with a man, man-to-man relationship and man relationship with nature. According to Rahman, the Qur’an must always be read with the spirit of wholeness and a sincere attempt to seek pure guidance (Rahman, 5). Additionally, the Holy Book is regarded as a complete code of life taking into account that Islam is but a complete way of human life and so Qur’an is its source of guidance on the mundane lives. Moreover, Rahman explains that the Qur’an’s teachings are no t restricted to a particular nation or a specific era but for the global community. The Book provides comprehensive piece of legalization in addition to the moral principles as a way of ensuring cordial human relationship with one another. It also explains the afterlife concept of Eschatology, Satan, and Evil. The Book is organized based primarily on the major themes. The theme of God opens the first chapter of Rahman’s book discussing the necessity of God, His Unity and its implications. According to him, the Qur’an is a document aimed at man and so it is no treatise about God and His nature. However, the elaboration about God’s existence is strictly functional, in the sense that God is the Creator and Sustainer of the Universe (Rahman 1). Additionally, God judges man either individually or collectively and He metes out to him merciful

English literature Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English literature - Term Paper Example In the 18th century American literature, the autobiography as a literary genre has attained immense popularity which is illustrated by the notable 18th-century autobiographies in English such as Edward Gibbon’s autobiography and Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography. During this period, a more intimate form of autobiography which explores the subject’s emotions came to being, due mainly to the influence of Romanticism, which greatly emphasized the role and the nature of the individual, and Rousseau’s Confessions. From the writer’s perspective, an autobiography is the best means to express one’s individuality in all its components and it helps one in establishing one’s ideas and concepts explicitly to the readers without any mediocrity. The â€Å"self-life-writing† qualifies of an autobiography offer great scope for the writer’s role in literary activity and these qualifies also bring out the advantages and disadvantages of th e autobiography genre. Thus, from the writer’s perspective, autobiographies offer the writer the scope to include anything from human geography to reproach, leave out anything they wish, etc and they can turn their books into a litany, a confession, an apology, a cathartic act, an anthology of anecdotes or gossip, or a space to wash polluted laundry. From the reader’s perspective, the autobiography is an important literary genre which offers the possibility of realizing the inner aspects of a writer without confusion and it helps the readers understand the concepts and ideas that the author emphasizes in his writing. Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography offers one of the best illustrations of the meaning, characteristics, purpose, advantages and disadvantages of the autobiography as a literary genre and this paper makes a reflective analysis of the autobiography. Autobiography as a literary genre has been a popular means to express one’s emotions and

Stereotype Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stereotype - Research Paper Example Our society is plague with stereotypes, and even though we live in a world that is deemed civilized, prejudice will never be extinct. The turn of the nineteen century witnessed a new era for women. No longer were women contented to stay in the background, or fade in the shadows of their husbands. Having been in the air-force I have witnessed and heard how men view women in a mans world. They resent the fact that they will have to take orders from a woman superior. They have biases that have no foundation, other than the fact that they grow up hearing over and over the criteria that make women women. A woman should do what she does best―nurturing her husband and children. During my service in the air-force, one case in particular has a ineradicable imprint in my mind. My squadron had a woman drill sergeant; and my team-mates resented having to salute a woman or take orders from her. Many times they would pretend to forget and addressed her as â€Å"sir.† She was well aware of their hostility and that made her more militant than most male officer. Their reaction to her was predetermined, she knew it, and was determined to change their minds. Only the best she would accept, she had to prove herself, to show us that she can do a â€Å"mans job. She was dauntless, consequently, my team was first in all training exercise. My colleagues were using a hand-me-down stereotyping. They were perpetuating a myth, a myth that held its ground for many centuries, It was only in 1976, less than fifty years ago, that the first woman was allowed to register in the air-force. The logic that was displayed here is dogmatic. According to the book Introduction to Logic, â€Å"Dogmatism is the position taken by a person who asserts his or her belief as what should be the case: no room for disagreement is possible in this case, and if there is no room for disagreement, the possibility of argument also disappears. (please put the author(s) of the book, the publication

Personal portrait Essay Example for Free

Personal portrait Essay Erickson hypothesized that the personality of a person develops in universal and observable patterns corresponding to the ways a human fetus develops. 1 He said that trust is developed in infancy. If one has been nurtured with trust around him, a child learns to trust others. Erickson gave emphasis on the mother’s positive and loving care for the child through constant touch. Erickson believed that if one grows with nurturing love and attention, a child will develop the sense of trust with people around him. He will grow up and live life confidently knowing that he is safe. If one may observe, an infant is constantly looking for her mother, he grows anxious and begins to cry if he cannot see his mother. This is so because the mother’s presence comforts the infant, giving him the feeling that with her mother beside him, he will be safe. He knows instinctively that his physical and emotional needs will always be attended to by her mother. A child who did not develop the sense of trust in infancy can become frustrated because she will grow up learning to doubt others, thus creating negativity within him. When this child grows up, developing relationships may pose a problem. I am with the belief that my mother has nurtured me with the love and care in my infancy. For now that I am grown, it is easy for me to trust people and believe what other people say. Relating with others has never been a problem and knowing that I can count on others for support and assistance makes me try out things and endeavors with excellence in mind. My mother once told me that I had always been a pleasant child. I readily smile when touched; always ready to be cheered and giggle when tickled. So I suppose my mother nurtured me well in infancy, for I was a contented and adorable baby. The second psychosocial stage of Erickson is the Early Childhood. This is between the ages of 18 months to 3years. This is the group of toddlers. Most people are charmed by toddlers, especially when they act or speak like adults. A child in this stage loves to role-play and ask endless questions. They love to explore and investigate things that capture their interest that is why they tinker with their toy and ends up destroying it. It is at this stage when the child’s curiosity is at its peak, thus, all their questions should be answered clearly. It is the age when they learn to walk, run and jump, thus, they hate to be cuddled and restrained. Any attempt to withhold them from any mishap would earn a resounding NO! from them. This is the word they love to say over and over again. A parent should balance encouragement and restrain because an overprotective mother could wreak havoc on a son’s ego. He might grow up becoming overly dependent on others. Also, a child who is criticized for behaviors may grow up to have low self-esteem, afraid to try things because of fear of being criticized or ridiculed. I must have been a handful for my docile mom for she tells me the joys of my childhood days, how small but terrible I was; how I loved to explore and run and scream with gusto, I had my fill of playing that I always end up tired and helpless at the day’s end. She said I was such a ball of curiosity. I loved to learn. My thirst for knowledge is immense, which must have been triggered by my mother’s relentless ability to let me be. Learn things the way I want to, used my senses in developing ideas, and gather experiences that would be ingrained in my mind till now. The next stage is the play age known as the initiative vs. guilt. This occurs between ages 3-6 years. It is during these years when a child learns initiative and develops sense of responsibility and independence. Thus it is necessary that a child should be guided to learn the skills necessary to develop their self-concept and discipline. Parents can teach the child through examples. It is important that parents realize that a child in this stage should develop a positive moral concept thus; the standards parents impose must be realistic and doable for the child. He should be given tasks which are adept to his motor skills such as sweeping the floor, washing the dishes, setting the table etc. Giving him tasks to perform builds his self-confidence and enhance his understanding of responsibility. The 4th stage of Erickson, developmental theory is the industry vs. inferiority. This comprises the age of 7 to 12 years. In this stage, the child learns that if he does well in school, he can win the appreciation and admiration of his parents, friends and teachers. The opinions of others are important to him. Thus a child shows industry in finishing his school works and exerts efforts to show efficiency. According to Allen and Marotz (2003), children at this age are becoming more aware of themselves as individuals. They work hard at being responsible, being good and doing it right. 2 The child also develop his moral values at this stage. A child who is ridiculed for getting poor grades may feel shame and regard himself as inferior to others. I pride myself in the fact that going to school was never a chore. It was an activity for me each day, looking forward to meeting my friends and teachers, learning things and sharing my experiences in school. The next stage is the Identity vs. Role Confusion between ages of 12-18 years. It is the stage where one grapples with the concept of his own identity. The individual is neither a child nor an adult. The task is to discover one’s own identity separate and distinct from others. We create a special bond with our friends. Those that we can relate to and identify with. I am fortunate to have a group of friends whom I have bonded with during my high school years. We shared the same interests and always had a great time with each other. Each day does not seem enough for us to enjoy one’s company, we never seem to run out of stories to tell, problems to share with and crushes to keep. My adolescent period is where I gathered most of my great experiences in life, the essence of friendship and the worth of knowledge and what it takes to pursue one’ goal in life. The young adulthood stage of Erikson covers the 19-40 age group referred to as the psychosocial crisis of intimacy vs. isolation. According to Erik Erickson the young adult stage, Intimacy vs. Isolation, is emphasized around the ages of 19 to 34. At the start of the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage, identity vs. role confusion is coming to an end and it still lingers at the foundation of the stage (Erikson 1950). Young adults are still eager to blend their identities with friends. They want to fit in. When we arrive at stage six we should be prepared for intimacy, a close personal relationship, and isolation, the fact of being alone and separated from others. A balance between intimacy and isolation makes love possible as we must know how to be alone in order to learn to truly love. Having a balanced stage 6 will help tremendously later in the coming stages when unwelcome or unexpected isolation surfaces, for example, the death of a spouse or a loved one (Erikson, Erikson, Kivnick 1986)3 This stage speaks of commitment, of rejection and on how one is prepared for it. I for one value intimacy and commitment. I chose to be married and live a happy life together with the one I have chosen to spend it with. Once married, I intend to have it for eternity, battling all trials and hardship with the belief that love can surpass obstacles. The family values that had been inculcated in me, I want to nurture by raising a family of my own. The next stage of Erickson’s developmental theory is known as the generativity vs. , stagnation otherwise known as middle adulthood for the 40-65 years old. It is simply seeing what you have done and seeing how you have progressed as an individual. If you have lived your life well, and raised a family of your own, it is the stage when you simply give guidance to your children on how to raise their own children. It is simply witnessing the unfolding of another generation. While stagnation is that of simply stagnating. Not having lived your life well. Wasting years of life. As early as now, I intend to make my life a success, by raising a family I can be proud of, living a comfortable life that will make myself proud, and watch my children live their life in the way I have raised them. Being there for them to help them face their trials in life. Supporting them in the best way I can, and guiding them on how to deal with realities of this world. The last stage is the integrity vs. despair. This stage speaks of the individual who has aged and has gotten old. It is the time of looking back and assessing what you have done with your life, how you lived it. Is it something you can be proud of, or is one which you should be ashamed of. The adage of â€Å"reaping what you sow† is fitting here, because, it speaks of what you have sowed in life. Is there a sense of fulfillment? Like, if you have children, were you able to send them all to school? How are they now? But if one lived life less sensibly, then I suppose, despair would be in store for him in his golden days. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development discuss morality into three levels: The Pre-conventional Morality which is childhood and is defined as â€Å"obeying rules and avoiding negative consequences. † 4 Where the rules set by parents define moral law. The conventional level between the ages of 9 to adolescence, â€Å"where children begin to understand what is expected of hem by their parents, teachers etc† and the Post-conventional level which is adulthood. Where â€Å"Morality is seen as upholding the values of your group or culture. 5 Erickson’s theory of development can be compared to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development in the way a child is raised. The morality standards of the parents are the guiding principles of the parents in raising their child. For example, if punishment is used in disciplining a child, obedience can be solicited because the child fears punishment. An adolescent would behave in a manner that is expected of him, in accordance with the moral values inculcated in him. Rules will be followed in the way the individual was made to conform to it. Kohlberg’s moral development satisfies Erickson’s developmental theory that satisfying the child’s need is good and moral; that obeying expectations is seen as moral; meeting expected performance is good and moral. People in varying situations, in different culture, react differently to a given situation. Addressing a particular situation in accordance with ones values is moral. Meaning what is right or wrong is perceived in accordance with one’s personal beliefs. The implication of these development theories in gender difference, environment, cultural and ethnic influences can be shown in delimiting gender stereotypes. It is to be noticed that both young girls and boys are energetic and vigorous in their motor activities, hence, teachers should not make assumptions that â€Å"monkey bars† are only for boys or that literature depicting racial discriminations should be avoided. The theories enunciates that development is universal and that morality issue differs from each culture and race; and acting in ones own personal belief is moral, hence, should be respected and accepted as such.

The Concept and Debate of Transhumanism

The Concept and Debate of Transhumanism Faiza Hossain Introduction: As human beings, we are obsessed with progressing and improving ourselves. Whether it be physically or mentally, this idea of being better is apparent. [DS1]Transhumanism is an extreme form of improving oneself[DS2].   Whether it be being induced with artificial blood, or inserting a microchip into the brain, transhumanism is about making the ordinary, extraordinary! But, is it ethically right and beneficial to test on humans? Should we be messing around with the natural creation of our bodies? And can transhumanism be a danger to society? These major ethical questions will be answered in this research paper, where the core value of what a transhuman is, will be exposed[DS3]. Is transhumanism really beneficial and ethical for human beings? The definition of Transhumanism is the belief or theory that the human race can advance beyond its present physical and mental limitations, especially by the use of science and technology. We are living in generation, where technology is rapidly evolving and improving. This advancement of technology has benefited people, especially in the transhumanist area. This can be portrayed by the living example of Jesse Sullivan; who is titled as the worlds first Bionic Man1. Sullivan lost his arm in an accident however, The Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, gave him the opportunity to replace his arms with robotic prosthetics. The procedure included connecting his nervous system to the robotic arm, allowing him to lift objects by the power of thought. This procedure proves that the marriage of technology and biological components is possible, and really is beneficial to mankind. An arm cant be grown, but technology has given individuals a second chance and an opportunity to have a better quality of life. Another way in which machinery has positively changed a persons life is the story of a stroke patient who trialled the BrainGate2 System. A brain-computer interface used a 4mm-wide chip1, which was implanted in the brain. The significance of this chip was the ability to read signals from neurons which were in charge of motion controlling (e.g., the movement of muscles) and interpret the signals, using a computer, into the physical movement of, such as, a robotic arm and hand. After five years, the chip is still fully working, and the patient is able to carry out daily tasks, which we take granted for, such as raising a cup of coffee to her mouth. This astonishing piece of technology has also given this patient a better quality of life, and furthermore, proves that the study of transhumanism is vital, to help those who need it. Although a robotic arm may be perceived as artificial, and unnatural, technology is allowing people to be happier, even after a traumatic event. The future of transhumanism includes the invention of artificial blood, which improves your stamina. Having a microchip inside your brain, which allows you to communicate telepathically, and being able to become smarter, passively, by storing information into this chip. The possibilities to the way the study of transhumanism can benefit us, is endless. Is human testing, justifiable? When it comes to the study of transhumanism, a controversial question always arises; should scientist be allowed to test on human subjects? This concern is portrayed by numerous people (such as religious followers), and what some people claim, is holding scientists and technology back, from rapidly progressing[DS4].   Research involving human subjects is not intrinsically ethically dubious. Human testing does have ethical concerns, however, these concerns can be met and eased out. There is a huge importance for human testing as it will create a huge improvement in the quality of lives and number of lives saved through such research 3, and this can be seen from earlier examples of patients receiving robotic arms. Human testing is vital for the progression of the future. When conducting experiments on human test subjects, it is essential that the experiment is carried out ethically. This includes asking the participants permission, fully explaining what the procedure will be, making necessary medical check-ups, and making sure he/she will be safe. Furthermore, external judgement is used to measure the safety of the experiment, and in this case, the Research ethics committees (RECs) are widely used to assess and review trial designs.4 The importance of these committees is to overview, and evaluate the practices the researcher will conduct on the participant. The committee include both professional and lay perspectives as to whether the research is ethically acceptable. This portrays that a lot of extensive background checks are carried out, and the safety of the participant is a priority[DS5]. PRECAUTIONARY VS PROACTIVE RESEARCH Scientists, especially those in the transhumanism field, are aware of the cautionary and proactive research. We should not reject the products of applied science; neither should we implement powerful new technologies without foresight and proactive preparation.   (www.extropy.org)5. Being a proactive researcher, is about taking risks, but doing it for the benefit of making progress in technology. Relying on the evidence from past experiments, and written text books, will not help transhumanism evolve into what it can be fully capable of. Making the robotic arms, was a proactive choice made by scientists, and now, people are reeking the benefits from this. Imagine, what more we can unveil, if scientists keep making this proactive choice. An alternative response for research is known as the precautionary principle. The precautionary principle, proposed as a new guideline in environmental decision making6, has four main mechanisms: taking actions to prevent any uncertainties; shifting the burden of proof to the proponents of an activity; finding lots of alternative routes to possibly harmful actions, and getting more public participation in decision making before and during research. The precautionary principle highlights this tight, challenging linkage between science and policy.6 Although precautionary research is much safer for the participant, the problem with the unwillingness to take risks, means progress is made slower in the technology field. This slows down our advancement for a better future and means people who need these revolutionary machinery in their day to day life (such as robotic legs and arms), have to wait longer[DS6]. THE NEGATIVES ABOUT TRANSHUMANISM       The main problem with the idea of transhumanism that many face, is if technology is being exploited for our selfish desires? The idea of wanting to live longer, or be smarter   and stronger, are selfish desires that people want to achieve, and some perceive as unnatural. As all living things are mortal, the study of transhumanism, is fascinating; a topic in transhumanism includes finding ways to cheat death. Being immortal sounds amazing, but is it realistic? If everyone in this world was immortal, then there will be over population7, food shortages, increased global warming and negative climate change. Furthermore, due to overpopulation, there may be a rapid spread of disease, water may run out and fossil fuel will be used up a lot quicker. The world we live in, cannot provide for the immortal. Transhumanist are optimist that through their technological findings, they can help third world countries such as India, by -skipping industrialization and go straight into late capitalist, post- industrial societies (Munkittrick). However, from the extremely high pollution levels seen by third world countries such as India and Brazil, this transition is not at smooth, and if anything, is more damaging to the earth. The concept of skipping industrialization, for these third world countries, seems very unrealistic, and nothing but a utopian view. One last negative attitude towards transhumanism, is that it will create a segregation between societies. It is evident, that when technology that can make you smarter or live longer is achieved, the privileged few will be able to have accesses to these traits, which will create and further distance between people; based on their wealth. Although transhumanism will allow us to benefit traits which will benefit us in the future, it is also possible that there will be more inequality between people and also, earth is not equipped to allow living space for immortal living species. MY METHODOLOGY My report is solely based off secondary research. I have been able to carry out secondary research by reading and actively unpicking online journals and articles (based on transhumanism), visit official which profession transhumanist have written papers and pieces based on this topic. Furthermore, the use of critiquing text was used, and looking at real life examples of cyborgs was evident. As my research only consisted of secondary data, this meant that a research budget was not necessary, as I [DS7]was not required to do any primary research. TRANSHUMANISMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦A BETTER FUTURE? In conclusion, clearly the study of transhumanism has benefited people in this century. Technology is rapidly evolving and it is fitting the needs of people, whether that be the likes of a robotic arm. Transhumanism is breaking the boundary of people with disabilities, and in this context, closing the inequality gap that many disabled people feel[DS8]. However, if this research is mistreated, many people will get severely hurt, and it can totally flip, and instead, creates a larger inequality between people[DS9]. The future of transhumanism is looking bright, and with technology progressing this far, cures for diseases can be found much quicker, and ground breaking technology, can be used to help third world countries. It is the optimism of the people and scientist, which is needed, if we are to make the future a better place. I truly believe there is a place for transhumanism and cyborgs in the future, but it is up to us to be open minded for this change. REFERENCES[DS10] JESSE SULLIVAN Lanxon, Nate. Practical Transhumanism: Five Living Cyborgs. WIRED UK. N.p., 2016. Web. 6 Sept. 2016. Transhumanist Values. Nickbostrom.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 6 Sept. 2016. Theconversation.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 7 Sept. 2016. Gorski, David. Theconversation.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 7 Sept. 2016. 5. Transhumanisms Extropy Institute Transhumanism For A Better Future. Extropy.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 7 Sept. 2016. 6. D Kriebel, M Stoto. The Precautionary Principle In Environmental Science.. Environmental Health Perspectives 109.9 (2001): 871. Web. 7 Sept. 2016. 7. The Problems With Transhumanism. Psychology Today. N.p., 2016. Web. 7 Sept. 2016. [DS1]This is very bold statement. In the future, try to find any research that can support this claim. [DS2]This another example where you should use a reference to support the statement. [DS3]A lot of assumption were made in this paragraph. It will be a good practise in the future to the use a reference to support what you are saying. [DS4]Reference? [DS5]Good demonstration of ethical understanding, but the referencing format used was not Harvard referencing. [DS6]Good points laid out in this section. [DS7]Avoiding writing academic report in first person, always write them in third person. [DS8]The context of this statement is not clear. [DS9]Which research, in what way will it flip, and what source do you have to support this statement? [DS10]The format used is not Harvard referencing.

Steps in Career Managment

Steps in Career Managment Career Pie model This model has three stages performance, image and exposure. Performance: It means the day to day task which are given to you and the outcomes that you provided of this work. Image: It means your image and impression in the minds of others Exposure: It is all about your results, impression and image from the point of view of people who want to know about you (BATTISTON). Job of your choice Choosing a career may appear very irritating task however it becomes a bit easier when you provide yourself time and plenty of choices to think about it. However the quandary is the absence of match between skills and the aptitude. You are lucky if your aptitude sets match your skills. Generally, while it is not difficult to create your aptitude sets as stated by your inclination, the test is to change your fitness as per the ability sets. Your bent gradually and unknowingly creates in you an attitude towards a specific field of movement (Anderson). Figuring out the promising career Many individuals look to others to focus their profession ways: instructors, neighbors, parents and associates. Ponder individuals you regard and what they accomplish for work. Require some investment to guide out your needs and to match your abilities with aptitudes that are energetically looked for inside specific fields of work. This will include a reasonable bit of exploration work however it is well worth the trouble. Distinguish the abilities you utilize when youre doing the things you appreciate Take a gander at the things you are great at doing as of recently. These will provide for you a great implication of what you are liable to delight in doing by method for a profession. For example, maybe you like being with creatures. As of recently this basic yet paramount delight opens up an extremely wide field of work for you that includes such conceivable occupations as watching over creatures, veterinary work, creature backing, transporting creatures, cooling creatures, making creature garments and food things, running a pet store, and so forth. Consider different fields extensively A field of work is much more than a solitary employment. It is a region in which numerous occupations or exchanges are conceivable and you ought to have the capacity to think about your preparation and investment regarding searching for a career way that will provide for you a shot no less than five related sorts of employments that are accessible inside that field. Think about cross-field work To have better career you need to focus on different fields and offer thought to the potential outcomes included in intersection fields; for example, numerous instructors are great with word abilities and subsequently make fantastic editors and distributers. Think outside the square your title gives (Career Research). Learn much about your interested field Internet, library and immediate contact examination will be needed here. It is likewise useful to ask your school, neighborhood group administrations, college, and so forth for aid in career decisions and advancement. Your careful exploration will help you to focus rapidly which territories you need to study in, and also the profundity of study needed. Learn from the people who work in the field of your interest When you have worked out which particular employments interest you, identify with those officially working in these regions. This will empower you to hear their proposals. Now and then you may even have an open door work experience by working in external environment (Cynthia N. Fuhrmann, 2013). Assess your decision of field Evaluate the remarks youve accepted, weigh these up with your exploration work and include your sentiments about your potential profession way. This is presently the time to choose whether this career keeps on appealing to you. Remember to incorporate the sort of lifestyle you might like in the adjusting comparison. Join the education or training center relevant to your area of interest While contemplating, dont disregard to exploit organizing open doors and opportunities for working in the field of career. These open doors will provide for you the best conceivable feel for the work and the sorts of individuals. Stay positive Finally when you are prepared and ready to have the career of your choice, the most essential thing is to support an uplifting viewpoint about your life and to be prepared for change, distinction and movements in your safe places. This is this present reality and it moves quickly; it is significant to stay aware of progressions and advancements (Finding Career Direction). Comparison of Present skills and those required for the job Presently I am going to have a degree in the field of Civil Engineering and I am in second year of my degree. I am learning the skills which are required to do a job as a CEO of a construction company. But it is a long route to be Chief Executive Officer of a construction company. At present I am concerned with the bookish knowledge I do not have much practical experience which is the basic need to get a good job. Hopefully with the passage of time I will grab all the necessary skills required to pursue for CEO of a construction company (CEO/President). The skills which are required for becoming a CEO of a construction company are: First of all I need to have a degree in Civil Engineering or in the field of Quantity Surveying. This is the main requirement of pursuing towards chief executive of a construction officer. I also need to have experience of at least 20 years out of which there should be 10 years’ experience in the managerial level. Apart from managerial skills I need to have technical and marketing skills. I need to have the ability to do the tasks required independently. I will be able to deliver the results on reliable basis. Written communication and excellent verbal skills are also required. Listening abilities are required to know the problems of the subordinates. I should be able to present the findings of my work and giving recommendations. I should also have knowledge about financial management. I need to have experience and training in financial modeling, financial management and financial advisory. Evaluation of systems and information, abilities to collect and analyze complicated dat a and giving logical conclusions about my working is also required. Planning is an important part in a company so I should be able to make effective planning. I need to have the experience in project management. It is required for me to have the capacity to absorb the pressure and to meet the deadlines. I need to have negotiable skills to have effective deals in the end. Negotiation skills are primary and necessary to have the deals done. I need to have good coordination with the staff and the subordinates. I need to be very gentle and flexible with them. Harmonious and good relationships are required with the employees, staff and the outside clients and people in order to develop a positive professional environment (Chief Executive Officer (Construction Company)). My responsibilities will be to communicate or provide assistance in communication to the Board of Directors or management with respect to the results and status of the projects through oral and verbal communication. I will have to develop the business of my company by presenting new projects which can be profitable in the eyes of the Board of Directors and the management. I will need to build good relationships with the partners and the investors to enhance the business of my organization. Client management and dealing is the core responsibility so I will have to consider it with prime preference so that I may capture a good amount of clients to enhance the business. I will need to manage customer and key accomplice relations to create new business by gathering customers, gurus, and accomplices and by going by to prospective banding together and new improvement locales. I will have to collaborate with specialty unit administrators to exhort on matters concerning the Companys best pra ctices as they apply to screening new fortunes. I will have to develop strategies for Consolidating reports from specialty unit administrators and different executives with the end goal of appearing for Board of Directors.it will be my responsibility to establish objectives, destinations, breakthroughs, and work plans for business activities review plans and all different types of departmental reporting for soundness of suspicions, nature of projections, and significance in light of objectives and destinations. I will advise administration and performs allocated assignments to give sensible confirmation as to the unwavering quality and honesty of data; consistence with strategies, forms, administration rules, concurred contracts with outsiders and Government laws and regulations, protecting of organization holdings, financial utilization of assets, achievement of corporate goals, hazard administration and best practice forms. I will help to structure and secure outside financing for ventures and organizations. I will report on extraordinary surveys and recognizes dangers and open doors identified with interior and outer operations and create proposals for development. I will have to maintain all hierarchical and expert codes. Bibliography Anderson, R. A. (n.d.). How to Research Career Paths. Retrieved from happynews: http://www.happynews.com/living/business-life/research-career-paths.htm BATTISTON, F. (n.d.). 3 Keys to Career Success: The Pieces of PIE. Retrieved from mondofrank: http://www.mondofrank.com/pie/ Career Research. (n.d.). Retrieved from jobsearch.about: http://jobsearch.about.com/od/careerresearch/ CEO/President. (n.d.). Retrieved from hrvillage: http://www.hrvillage.com/hrjobdesc/CEOPresident.htm Chief Executive Officer (Construction Company). (n.d.). Retrieved from jobberman: http://www.jobberman.com/job/328291/chief-executive-officer-construction-company-expatriate-skill-enhancement-centre-sence-limited-in-lagos/ Cynthia N. Fuhrmann, P. S. (2013, September 24). Narrowing the Choices: What Career Path is Right for You? Retrieved from sciencecareers.sciencemag.org: http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_magazine/previous_issues/articles/2013_09_24/caredit.a1300206 Finding Career Direction. (n.d.). Retrieved from mindtools: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newCDV_97.htm

German Immigration to the Midwest :: American America History

German Immigration to the Midwest German Immigration: A story told by the ghosts of the past "The day I left home, my mother came with me to the railroad station.When we said goodbye, she said it was just like seeing me go into my casket, I never saw her again." So is the story of Julia B. from Germany and many others who left their life and love for a chance of happiness in a new country. This is the story of the German immigrants in 1880-1930 who risked everything on a dream of better things. What caused the German immigration to Ameica between 1870-1930? In this paper I'll answer that question plus: what caused the movement, what happined to them when they arrived, and how did they adapt. I'll also tell some of the more gritty stuff by using intimate and detailed quotes used by many real immigrants who came to America anywhere from 1880 to 1930. As you read this, be prepared to learn what really happened to these immigrants and why the streets were paved with anything but gold. Today, many Germans live throughout the U.S.; especially in the mid-west. More likely then not, they came here in the late 1800's- 1900's. This would be because of the many revolutions in the 1860's and the poverty that almost always follows war. In one 20 year span in the late 1800's Germany went to war at least 7 times taking on neighboring countries such as: Austria, France, Belgium and Russia. Like I said, much money was spent on the war effort in Germany. People were taxed heavily just to buy bullets for the army. Through all this, word was spread like wild fire through Germany that a new country in the west across the water was offering freedom and a promise of happiness for anyone who would make the long journey to the new country: America. So with somewhat heavy hearts, many men and women left their families behind to journey to America in hopes of something greater. For many, the road to America was a hard one. Most of the emigrants were very poor and had to hitchhike or walk the long miles to the coast just to be able to get on the boat to America. Sometimes it would take months just to save up enough money to pay for rides out of Germany, expensive passports, and to pay for the boat fare and it would take weeks just to go to France where they usually only began the long hard trip to their destination. German Immigration to the Midwest :: American America History German Immigration to the Midwest German Immigration: A story told by the ghosts of the past "The day I left home, my mother came with me to the railroad station.When we said goodbye, she said it was just like seeing me go into my casket, I never saw her again." So is the story of Julia B. from Germany and many others who left their life and love for a chance of happiness in a new country. This is the story of the German immigrants in 1880-1930 who risked everything on a dream of better things. What caused the German immigration to Ameica between 1870-1930? In this paper I'll answer that question plus: what caused the movement, what happined to them when they arrived, and how did they adapt. I'll also tell some of the more gritty stuff by using intimate and detailed quotes used by many real immigrants who came to America anywhere from 1880 to 1930. As you read this, be prepared to learn what really happened to these immigrants and why the streets were paved with anything but gold. Today, many Germans live throughout the U.S.; especially in the mid-west. More likely then not, they came here in the late 1800's- 1900's. This would be because of the many revolutions in the 1860's and the poverty that almost always follows war. In one 20 year span in the late 1800's Germany went to war at least 7 times taking on neighboring countries such as: Austria, France, Belgium and Russia. Like I said, much money was spent on the war effort in Germany. People were taxed heavily just to buy bullets for the army. Through all this, word was spread like wild fire through Germany that a new country in the west across the water was offering freedom and a promise of happiness for anyone who would make the long journey to the new country: America. So with somewhat heavy hearts, many men and women left their families behind to journey to America in hopes of something greater. For many, the road to America was a hard one. Most of the emigrants were very poor and had to hitchhike or walk the long miles to the coast just to be able to get on the boat to America. Sometimes it would take months just to save up enough money to pay for rides out of Germany, expensive passports, and to pay for the boat fare and it would take weeks just to go to France where they usually only began the long hard trip to their destination.

Cinderella - Oppression of Women by Women Essay -- Comparative Litera

Cinderella - Oppression of Women by Women Throughout the ages women have always appeared to be victims of oppression by men. There are many cultures and religions that have separate rules for the men and the women. Traditional gender roles have cast men as the providers, while women are the nurturers and stay home to keep the house clean, cook, and care for the children and their husbands. Even the clothes men and women wear are subject to the different rules. Men are free to dress without restraint in order to get the job done, where as women are required to dress modestly - in some religions covered from head to toe, and compelled to cover their hair in others. However, the fairy tale of Cinderella turns the idea of male repression of women on its head, casting women in a position of dominance. It is still a man's world where women must bend to the demands of man, the ball for example. It is in these confines, the ultimate goal in obtaining a suitable husband, that we see what women are capable of doing to one another in o rder to reach their goals. Women use different techniques in order to keep other women down. As Tony Morrison states she is "alarmed by the violence that women do to each other: professional violence, competitive violence, emotional violence. [She] is alarmed by the willingness of women to enslave other women." (Cinderella's stepsisters, p. 500) In this situation, the women in Cinderella, specifically the step mother and step sisters, dominate Cinderella in many ways: name calling, degradation, mocking, and dishing her false hopes. The story as portrayed in Cinderella by Charles Perrault, Ashputtle by the Grimm Brothers and the Walt Disney adaptation written by Grant as well as the animated film Cinderell... ...PHY Behrens, Laurence and Rosen, Leonard F.Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum. Eighth Edition, University of California ; copyright 2003. Web sources: 1) http://www.northern.edu/hastingw/cinderella.htm Prof. Waller Hastings Northern State University Aberdeen, SD 57401 2) http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/perrault06.html Source: Andrew Lang, The Blue Fairy Book (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., ca. 1889), pp. 64-71. Lang's source: Charles Perrault, "Cendrillon, ou la petite pantoufle de verre," Histoires ou contes du temps passà ©, avec des moralità ©s: Contes de ma mà ¨re l'Oye (Paris, 1697). Revised October 8, 2003. Other sources : 1) Walt Disney's animated film Cinderella

Advertising Strategies in Sri Lankan Market

FMCG Product – Panadol Advertisement Most of Panadol advertisements are really consistent with Brand Identity . This advertisement also carries the brand identity well. When we analysis this advertisement, it is a reinforcement advertisement while educating customers how to use the product. Panadol is mass product but different advertising campaigns run to attract each segment such as middle class customers, upper class customers, children, elders and some sickness and general brand building advertisements. Each campaign is not badly affected on the other segment .If we compare this advertisement with Three wheeler driver and the self-employed mother advertisement we can understand the difference well. But all campaigns carry the Brand identity well. This advertisement was targeted upper middle and upper level customers who are educated enough to decide their OTC drugs without getting doctor’s recommendation. Non educated mother never do it without asking doctor. Brand is more prominent throughout the advertisement. Brand positioning is also well establish in this advertisement. Panadol is trust painkiller for many years in Sri Lanka and people believe it is best solution for small sickness.This advertisement also show the trustiness of happy mother with three children Consumer Insight Consumer insight of this panadol advertisement is that the mother is a family knows about her children well than any other person and mother’s caring is not compare with anybody else. Our mother knows how much we eat, how much we drink, what we need, what we like and dislike and children are so bonded with mother than father. Mother’s primary responsibility to care all her children. She is the family member who decide what and how much for each person.This insight is true in majority of Sri Lankan families. Even elder children are depend on their mother. Sometime, even father is depending on mothers opinion for this kind of situation. Advertising Idea Panadol wanted to use this insight and educate customer to use Panadol as OTC drug for their children without doctors’ prescription. But due to it is drug, they should use the perfect dosage. Therefore , the person who gives medicine for children should be well aware about this. And Mother is the perfect person for this. However, she should follow the age and weight of child to decide the dosage.With panadol box images advertisement well explain the dosage and benefits of the product.. Relevance to Brand and the Consumer It is relevance to brand and consumer both. By educating target customers how to use it as OTC drug, they can achieve the brand targets . it is the perfect way to use the panadol for children. We know for sure, for elders, two panadol is enough. But for children, the ml dosage is varying with the age and weight. Some mothers just do it as doctor prescribe only. But if you know the age and weight we can do it ourselves. This advertisement carry this message to consumer.Every mother knows the age of her children and weight with immunization record book. Further weight measurement for toddler and kids are primary responsibility of mothers. Therefore it is difficult to convince the message and consumer or parents are more confidence about what they give to her child. Use of Symbols and Colors Panadol is a mass product and their advertising campaigns are targeted for each segment. This advertisement was for middle, upper level customers , specially educated mothers to reinforce the brand. They are more forward to take own decision. The mother of the advertisement shows the target market well.Environment of the advertisement school children’s water bottle, and the house environment shows the target market precisely. Orange, red and mixed yellow has used to keep the brand constancy of brand colors. And blue, pink and green used to highlight the children for water bottles. Kitchen, and rack of medicine also indicate the middle and upper level consumers Product and brand is well established in the advertisement. Mother ( model ) is giving high attention to bottle of Panadol and box of panadol is highly emphasizing with the brand. That means brand and the product is the hero of the advertisement.Consumer Learning and Involvement It is a cognitive learning for consumers. They have to understand how to use the product. Before give panadol for little children ( specially infants and kids) mother or parents should know about exact dosage for their child. With the growth of child, dosage is changing. The chart of the box of Panadol well explain it and advertisement also try to get attention to that by high lighting three age limits with different dosage. This product is low involvement product. Customer do not need or research extensively before buying panadol. It is OTC drug more similar to FMCG products.However this advertisement is not fully emotional ad to create emotional feeling of customers.. It is educating custom er to think before use Panadol for children by showing how to use panadol for different age. Customer insight is used to bring the emotional feeling with showing mothers’ day today life extend to caring her children. Suggestions to Improve Overall this Panadol advertisement is good enough to educate target customers to use the correct dosage for children and it is mx of rational and emotional advertisement. However there are some improvements can be suggested as well.The model they use for mother is not preciously matching to target audience. If a mother has three children, she should be 30 plus ( average). And this model is too young for the real mother position. They have not use three children there. But use three water bottles and some cartoon dolls to explain about three children. They could use three children from different age limit with situation where they can use Panadol before going to doctor consultation. Such as small increase in temperature etc. Durable Product – Singer Washing Machine Buying a Washing Machine is a high involvement decision and Singer has done it is other way around.By using customer insight, they have convert this high involvement rational decision to low involvement and more convenience product similar to FMCG product as a gift giving with a surprise to wife. This advertisement is encourage the middle level consumers to buy a washing machine with easy payment option. Consumer Insight In Asian culture including Sri Lanka , middle class house wives are more indirect demanders. They never asking what they need from husband but to expect husband to understand all her needs and fulfill. House wife do all the home work and husband take the responsibility for earning and spending too.Sometimes Spending will do together. But due to wife is not earning, she is more towards to other way. However, every women love to have many electronic items at her home even though it is necessary or not. If we look at middle income level houses, ladies are more towards collecting those durable items. Advertising Idea This advertisement has used this insight of women and the culture to encourage men to think about their wives and fulfill their needs to have better family life. Advertisement shows the difficulty of women face at home which is not always visible to husbands due to they are away from home day time.But wife do great job with caring the come. However, middle income level people do not have the affordability for a washing machine. That is the main reason that wife also not demanding such expensive item, even though she love to have one. Advertisement offer the solution by offering easy payment option. Relevance to Brand and the Consumer Signer is not a premium brand but offer durable products. Therefore depending only on high income earners will not enough and all companies and brands who are in the industry is expending the target market with different approaches.Easy payment option is the best method to encourage this segment. It clearly explained the relevance of product and brand showing the requirement of the product for clothes cleaning. From the point of customer also, it is highly relevant. We all need to clean our clothes and when the number of family members is increasing, this is a major task of house wife’s everyday life. Use of Symbols and Colors This advertisement try to use symbols and colors to convey the message well keeping the brand identity too. To demonstrate the middle income level family they have use the urban flat house. The seriousness of washing and leaning is showing with extended family, wife, husband, one child and grand father too. House wife is well demonstrate, she is cleaning clothes alone and preparing meals and serving to family members. All others are waiting on dining table. Color usage of the advertisement is not very much effective. Blue, yellow and red used for clothes, but it is not consisted with the Singer Brand. To demonstrate the c onsumer insight, they have used the grandfather to create the credibility of the insight ( Ganu Kawada da hitha Kiwwe) Brand and the product is well established. The need of product is highly emphasizing.Showing the actual product and the brand, advertisement try to get the attention from viewers for the brand and product Consumer Learning and Involvement This area is debatable in this advertisement. Normally durable products are high involvement decision making and consumer learning also high. It should be cognitive learning of how to use, benefits, features etc. However , this advertisement is created based on totally consumer insight mention above arose the emotional feeling of consumers to think about house wife. Cognitive learning on this advertisement is to think about, how women think and their expectations.It is persuade to buy the product with easy payment system Suggestions to Improve As explained above , even though this is durable product, it has gone as low involvement product and use the consumer insight of surprising wife with gift giving. It is no argue, this insight is great to influence consumers. However, due to this is not a product which is just use and remove, it should be selected carefully. That message is not deliver through this advertisement. If it can explain the features of benefits, it will be more benefits for their buying decisions. It just say about easy payment method, but customer has to research about it.In that case it is high involvement decision. Further , they should use color in theme to distinguish the brand from other competitor brands. Because easy payment method is not a unique method for them, it is common to all other competitors too. They could use some nice song or music to remind the brand. Service Advertisement – Janashakthi Full Option Janashakthi full Option advertising campaign is encouraging customers to use the full option insurance which bundle some additional services. This campaign is integrated marketing communication campaign and Press advertisement is one medium which is extending from TV commercials.They have taken one last part of the TV commercial and emphasis the services they offer. Consumer Insight This entire campaign has built based on some unexpected difficulties in real life such as days without having daily income is more difficult, unexpected happing at special movement is really embarrassing our lives etc. Advertising Idea This entire advertising campaign based on this insight, when we have difficulties and missing something, our lives are not complete and we are not comfortable as well. Unexpected situations in life may not be avoided.We should have backup plans to make it easy when we face such a situation and insurance is one way to do it. Janashakthi full option offers some benefits to make customers life easy and great. Relevance to Brand and the Consumer Getting customer attention is very important for Brand and the product, motor insurance is highly competitive and need to keep consumers top of awareness is really value. This advertisement is reminding target customers having Full Option policy will make their life easy and great. Consumer also understand the need of insurance policy other than legal requirement. Happiness due to easy life is matter for everyone.Use of Symbols and Colors Usage of symbols to demonstrate the idea is great. They have taken the car rental driver went for wedding hire which is really important. Typical driverhas taken and insurance agents friendly service is well demonstrate with gentleman having hands on driver’s shoulders. Wedding car demonstrate the importance of the service. Color usage is really good by associating brand colors which is Yellow and Black. Logo and brand name is well establish, brand is hero not the models on ad. Services are well noted and contact number given for more information gathering. Consumer learning and involvementConsumer learning is just to get the fear of fac ing bit embarrassing situations and having the service remove their fears with happy face. Getting a motor insurance policy is little high involvement decision and they need to look at the core benefits and additional benefits they gain before take the policy. However, advertisement is not rational cognitive learning encouragement. It is feel advertisement with emotion and rational combination. Suggestions to Improve Due to Press advertisement, they could give more information to evaluate the service. Press is not like TV commercials creating great emotional feeling.Press is great to educate customers. When we look at this press advertisements, they just mention the services they offer and no much information given. Customer learning is less and if they need, they have to call and get the information. It is better to list the services with some good information to encourage customer to think and evaluate the service. Further this explain only one situation to make the fear on target customers, however, by using graphics , they could create different situations where we face difficult in real life. Combination of TV commercials. If they want to make only emotional appeal. It is the best way.